THEORY BY SIGMUND FREUD PSIKOALISIS

Psychological theories of the most widely referred to in the psychological approach orthe most dominant in the analysis of literary works is the theory of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud. According to Freud , psychoanalysisis a method of medical treatment for people suffering from neurological disorders.Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy aims to treat someone who had mental disordersand nerve. Furthermore, according to Fudyartanta psychoanalysis is theunconscious psychology, attention-attention directed toward the areas of motivation, emotion, conflict, simpton-simpton neurotic, dreams, and character traits.

Psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud when he was dealing with neurosis andother mental problems. According to Corey, the major donations from thehistoric psychoanalytic theory and practice include: (1) individual mental life to beunderstood, and understanding of human nature can be applied to the relief of human suffering. (2) The behavior is known is often determined by unconscious factors. (3) development during early childhood have a strong influence on personality in adulthood. (4) psychoanalytic theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the waysused by individuals in overcoming anxiety by assuming the existence of mechanisms that work to avoid a flood of anxiety. (5) The psychoanalytic approach has given way to findinformation from the unconscious through the analysis of dreams, resistances, and transference-transference.

In psychoanalytic theory employed, the personality is seen as a structure consisting of three elements and systems: Id, Ego , and the Superego. These three systems of personalityare related to each other and form a totality and human behavior is nothing but a product of interaction of the three. Id is a biological component, the ego is a psychological component, while the superego is a social component . The following will explain more about the three systems of personality according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Id

Id is the original system of personality or personality of the most basic systems, systemsin which there is an innate instinct . As according to Palmquist, id is the unconscious part of the psyche that seek to fulfill the basicinstinctual impulses. Furthermore according to Corey, id is the dwelling placeof instincts. Id less organized, blind, demanding, urgent, and are not aware of. Id only by the pleasure arising unnoticed by the values, ethics, and morals. By operating on the pleasure principle, the id is the source of all psychic energy, the libido, and basically a sexual nature. Id is the biological aspect and an original system in this aspect of personality and of two other aspects to grow. Id just chasing his desires without judging it good or bad. He is part of the primitive unconscious in the mind, who was born with the individual . Id work in line with the principles of pleasure, which can be understood as an  encouragement  to always comply with the requirements immediately. Sole function is to seek immediate id relation multitudes that poured out of energy ortension in his body by the stimuli, both from within and from outside. He was in charge oftranslating the needs of the organism into motivational forces, which in other words is called the instinct or desire. Freud also called as needed. Translation of this desireneeds to be called the primary process.

Ego

Ego different from the Id. Ego is a personality system that acts as an individual director to the objects of reality, and to perform its functions under the principle of reality. As for the Ahmadi, the ego appears as thought andconsideration. Ego acts as opposed to Id. Ego arises because of the needs of the organism require appropriate transactions with the world of reality.

The ego has contact with the external world of reality. The ego is the executive of the ruling personality, control, and regulate. Ego is the consciousness from which he came, though not all functions can be carried out with a conscious. Ego is a psychological aspect that a rises because the organism needs tocorrelate well with the world of reality. Ego can distinguish something that exists only inthe inner world and that there is something in the outside world. The main role of ego is to become a bridge between the need for instinct with the environment, for the sake of theorganism. According Bertens ego task is to maintain its own personality and ensure compliance with the natural surroundings. Ego also control what is going in and a wareness of what to do. Ego connecting organisms with conscious reality of the world through which he occupied, and he is looking for objects to satisfy the desires and passions are raised id what is needed to represent the organism. Resolution process is called the secondary process.

Superego

Superego is a personality system that contains the values ​​and rules that are evaluative. He acted as a director or a judge for his ego. According Kartono superego is the highest substances on human beings, whichprovides guidance ethis lines and norms that must be adhered to. Superego is moreperfection than pleasure, because it can be regarded as the moral aspects ofpersonality.

The superego, according to Palmquist, is part of the human spirit which is produced in response to the influence of parents, teachers and other authority figures in childhood. This warehouse psiki for all views of right and wrong.

Superego is the moral or legal branch of personality. Superego represents the ideal, and encouraged him not to pleasure, but to perfection. Superego-related rewards and punishments. Rewards are feelings of pride and love of self, while penalties are sinful and feelings of inferiority. Furthermore, according to Hall and Gardner the main function of the superego, among others (1) as the controlling impulses or instincts of the id impulses so that the impulses are channeled in a manner or form that is acceptable to the community, (2) directs the ego purposes in accordance with moral rather than a reality, and (3) encourage individuals to perfection. Superego, the ego is always forced to suppress a different desires into the subconscious.Superego, along with the id, are in the subconscious. So it tends to oppose the superego, ego and id good, and makes the world according to an ideal conception.These three aspects are even has its own characteristics in practice, but all three always interact dynamically. Mechanisms of Ego Mechanisms of Defense pertahahan ego is included in the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. The emergence of the ego defense mechanism, because of the anxieties felt by individuals. Thus, ego defense mechanisms associated with individual anxiety. The definition of anxiety is feeling trapped or threatened, when the conflict is control of the ego. These anxieties caused by the tension that comes from outside. Sigmund Freud defines itself as an ego defense mechanisms that individuals use a strategy to prevent the emergence of open id impulses and superego pressures to deal with the ego, with the aim that anxiety can be reduced or mitigated.

Ego defense mechanisms is not always pathological, and may have a value adjustment if it does not become a lifestyle to avoid reality. Ego defense mechanisms used by individuals depends on the level of development and degree of anxiety they experienced. Furthermore, all ego defense mechanisms have two common characteristics, namely: (1) they deny, falsify or distort the reality, and (2) they worksubconsciously so that people do not know what happened. According to Freud, there are actually various forms of ego defense mechanisms which are common, but investigators only took nine kinds, namely: (1) repression, (2) sublimation, (3) projections, (4) displacement, (5) rationalization, (6) formation of a reaction or a reaction formation, (7) melakonkan, (8) nomadism, and (9) simpatisme.

Repression

Repression is the most common defense mechanism and the basis for many of Freud's theory. According to Freud, repression is a form of disposal of any form of impulse effort, memory, or experience apainful or embarrassing and cause high levels of anxiety. As for the Koeswara, the mechanism of repression was carried out by the ego to relieve anxiety by pressingimpulses or desires that are the cause of the anxiety into the unconscious. Furthermore,according to Poduska, repression is a defense with which you automatically bury the thoughts or desires that can’t be accepted in your unconscious. The anxietiesare buried into the subconscious one. While according to Corey is therepression of traumatic or content of consciousness canM evoke anxiety, promote the factthat is not acceptable to the unconscious, or become aware of things that are painful. Ego defense mechanisms is very dangerous. If the subconscious mind can’t accommodate them anymore, then the anxieties that will arise to the surface in the form of excessive emotional reactions.

Sublimation

According to Freud, sublimation is a process in which the unconscious libidoor changed direction indicated in the form of distribution that is more acceptable. As for the Koeswara, sublimation of ego defense mechanism that is intended toprevent or relieve anxiety and ways to change and adjust Id primitive impulse that causesanxiety in the form of (behavior) that can be accepted by society. Furthermore, according to Corey sublimation is an ego defense mechanism that uses a solution of higher or socially more acceptable for impulses. Meanwhile, according to Poduska sublimation of the ego defense mechanism that releases steam feelings, especially of a sexual nature in a way that is not of a sexual nature. Sublimation is always changing range of stimuli that are not acceptable, whether it be in the form of sex, anger fear or any other form, into forms that can be socially acceptable. Ego defense mechanisms such as these are very useful, because neither party feel saggrieved, either the individual or others.

Projection

According Koeswara, the projection is an ego defense mechanism that transfers the drive, attitude, or behavior that cause anxiety to others. As according to Berry, the projection is a mechanism and push the blame to others taboo. Furthermore, according to Poduska projection is a defense mechanism by which you defend yourself from thoughts and desires that are unacceptable, claiming it to others. Ego defense mechanisms of projection is always address the specific propertiesthat can’t be accepted by the ego to others. Ego defense mechanisms include the tendency to look at your passion that can’t be accepted by others. Projections often serve dual purposes. He reduce anxiety by replacing a grave danger to the danger that is lighter, and allows the person doing the projections revealthe impulse-impulse under the guise of defending themselves from their enemies. Ego defense mechanisms against this is the opposite of self. Individuals who are not consciously doing this ego defense mechanism, usually speaks otherwise, or scapegoating to another person or group.

Displacement

According Koeswara, displacement is the disclosure of which cause anxiety topush objects or individuals that are less harmful or less threatening than the originalobject or individual. As according to Corey displacement is an ego defense mechanism that directs the energy to an object or another person or object from a realperson, can’t be reached.

Furthermore, according to Poduska is the displacement ego defense mechanism by which you release the emotional gestures of the original, and the sourceof displacement was considered as a safe target. This ego defense mechanisms, which happened to bestow one's anxiety to others of lower rank.

Rationalization

According Poduska rationalization is a defense mechanism by which you aretrying to justify your actions on your own or someone else. As for the Koeswara, the rationalization is to manipulate or distort the reality that threatens the ego, through the excuses or reasons that seemed to make sense, so the fact they no longerthreaten the individual ego.

Furthermore, according to Berry, the rationalization is to find a justification or excuse for his behavior, so even become more acceptable to the ego than the real reason. Meanwhile, according to Boeree rationalization is cognitive distortion of "reality" with the objective reality that no longer gives the impression of scary. 

Rationalization always create reasons that "good" in order to avoid the ego of the injury, or falsify the reality of disappointing myself so that was not really painful. Someone who's ego defense mechanisms such as this, will make the information false or contrived own. 

The reaction formation or reaction formation 

According to Hall and Gardner or a reaction formation reaction formation is a defense mechanism to replace the ego impulses or feelings that cause anxiety with the opposite or reverse in his consciousness. As for the Koeswara is an ego defense mechanism that controls the primitive impulses that do not appear while knowingly reveal the opposite behavior.

Furthermore according to Corey reaction is the formation of ego defense mechanisms that act contrary to the unconscious desires. If the initial feelings that may pose a threat, then one shows the opposite behavior in order to deny the feelings that can lead to the threat. Reaction formation is doing the opposite of the unconscious, thoughts, and desires that can’t be accepted. Formation reaction is to act otherwise, if the first act, it can cause anxiety which threatened him.