Psychological
theories of the most widely referred to in
the psychological approach orthe most dominant in the
analysis of literary works is the theory of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud. According
to Freud , psychoanalysisis a method of medical treatment for
people suffering from neurological disorders.Psychoanalysis is
a type of therapy aims to treat someone who had mental disordersand nerve.
Furthermore, according to Fudyartanta psychoanalysis is theunconscious psychology, attention-attention
directed toward the areas of motivation, emotion, conflict, simpton-simpton
neurotic, dreams, and character traits.
Psychoanalysis
developed by Sigmund Freud when he was dealing
with neurosis andother mental problems. According to Corey,
the major donations from thehistoric psychoanalytic theory and practice include: (1) individual
mental life to beunderstood, and understanding of human
nature can be applied to the relief of human suffering. (2) The
behavior is known is often determined by unconscious factors. (3) development
during early childhood have a strong influence on personality in
adulthood. (4) psychoanalytic theory provides a
valuable framework for understanding the waysused by
individuals in overcoming anxiety by assuming the existence
of mechanisms that work to avoid a flood
of anxiety. (5) The psychoanalytic approach has given way to
findinformation from the unconscious through the analysis
of dreams, resistances, and transference-transference.
In psychoanalytic
theory employed, the personality is seen as
a structure consisting of three elements and systems: Id, Ego ,
and the Superego. These three systems of personalityare
related to each other and form
a totality and human behavior is nothing but a product
of interaction of the three. Id is
a biological component, the ego is a psychological component,
while the superego is a social component . The
following will explain more about the three systems of personality according
to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
Id
Id
is the original system of personality or personality of the most basic systems,
systemsin which there is an
innate instinct . As according
to Palmquist, id is the unconscious part of the psyche
that seek to fulfill the basicinstinctual impulses. Furthermore according
to Corey, id is the dwelling placeof instincts. Id less organized,
blind, demanding, urgent, and are not aware of. Id only by the pleasure arising unnoticed
by the values, ethics, and morals. By operating on the pleasure principle,
the id is the source of all psychic energy, the libido, and
basically a sexual nature. Id is the biological aspect and an original
system in this aspect of personality and of two other aspects to
grow. Id just chasing his desires without judging it
good or bad. He is part of the primitive unconscious in
the mind, who was born with the individual . Id work in
line with the principles of pleasure, which can be understood as
an encouragement to always comply with the requirements immediately.
Sole function is to seek immediate id relation multitudes that
poured out of energy ortension in his body by the
stimuli, both from within and from outside. He was in charge oftranslating the
needs of the organism into motivational forces, which in other
words is called the instinct or desire. Freud also called as
needed. Translation of this desireneeds to be called
the primary process.
Ego
Ego different
from the Id. Ego is a personality system that
acts as an individual director to the objects of reality, and to
perform its functions under the principle of reality. As for the
Ahmadi, the ego appears as thought andconsideration. Ego acts
as opposed to Id. Ego arises because of the needs of the
organism require appropriate transactions with the world
of reality.
The
ego has contact with the
external world of reality. The ego is the
executive of the ruling personality, control, and regulate. Ego is
the consciousness from which he came, though not all functions can
be carried out with a conscious. Ego is a psychological
aspect that a rises because the organism needs tocorrelate well
with the world of reality. Ego can distinguish something that
exists only inthe inner world and that there is something in
the outside world. The main role of ego is to become
a bridge between the need for instinct with the
environment, for the sake of theorganism. According Bertens ego task is to maintain its
own personality and ensure compliance with the natural surroundings. Ego also control
what is going in and a wareness of what to do. Ego connecting organisms
with conscious reality of the world through which he occupied, and he
is looking for objects to satisfy the desires and passions
are raised id what is needed to represent the organism. Resolution process is
called the secondary process.
Superego
Superego is a
personality system that contains the values and
rules that are evaluative. He acted as a director or a judge for his
ego. According Kartono superego is the highest substances on human
beings, whichprovides guidance ethis lines and norms that
must be adhered to. Superego is moreperfection than pleasure, because it can
be regarded as the moral aspects ofpersonality.
The
superego, according to Palmquist, is part of the human spirit which is produced
in response to the influence of parents, teachers and other authority figures
in childhood. This warehouse psiki for all views of right and wrong.
Superego
is the moral or legal branch of personality. Superego represents the
ideal, and encouraged him not to pleasure, but to
perfection. Superego-related rewards and punishments. Rewards are feelings
of pride and love of self, while penalties are sinful and feelings of
inferiority. Furthermore, according to Hall and Gardner the main function of
the superego, among others (1) as the controlling impulses or instincts of the
id impulses so that the impulses are channeled in a manner or form that is
acceptable to the community, (2) directs the ego purposes in accordance with
moral rather than a reality, and (3) encourage individuals to
perfection. Superego, the ego is always forced to suppress a different
desires into the subconscious.Superego, along with the id, are in the
subconscious. So it tends to oppose the superego, ego and id good, and
makes the world according to an ideal conception.These three aspects are even
has its own characteristics in practice, but all three always interact
dynamically. Mechanisms of Ego Mechanisms of Defense pertahahan ego is
included in the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. The emergence of
the ego defense mechanism, because of the anxieties felt by
individuals. Thus, ego defense mechanisms associated with individual
anxiety. The definition of anxiety is feeling trapped or threatened, when
the conflict is control of the ego. These anxieties caused by the tension that
comes from outside. Sigmund Freud defines itself as an ego defense
mechanisms that individuals use a strategy to prevent the emergence of open id
impulses and superego pressures to deal with the ego, with the aim that anxiety
can be reduced or mitigated.
Ego defense mechanisms is not always pathological, and may have
a value adjustment if it does not become a lifestyle to avoid reality. Ego defense mechanisms used
by individuals depends on the level of development and degree
of anxiety they experienced. Furthermore, all ego defense mechanisms have
two common characteristics, namely: (1) they deny,
falsify or distort the reality, and (2) they
worksubconsciously so that people do not know what happened.
According to Freud, there are actually various forms
of ego defense mechanisms which are common, but investigators only took nine kinds,
namely: (1) repression, (2) sublimation, (3) projections, (4) displacement,
(5) rationalization, (6) formation of a reaction or a reaction formation,
(7) melakonkan, (8) nomadism, and (9) simpatisme.
Repression
Repression is the
most common defense mechanism and the basis
for many of Freud's theory. According to Freud,
repression is a form of disposal of any form
of impulse effort, memory, or experience apainful or
embarrassing and cause high levels of anxiety. As for
the Koeswara, the mechanism of repression was carried out by
the ego to relieve anxiety by pressingimpulses or desires
that are the cause of the anxiety into the unconscious. Furthermore,according
to Poduska, repression is a defense with
which you automatically bury the thoughts or desires that can’t be
accepted in your unconscious. The anxietiesare buried into the
subconscious one. While according to Corey is
therepression of traumatic or content of consciousness canM
evoke anxiety, promote the factthat is not acceptable to the unconscious,
or become aware of things that are painful. Ego defense mechanisms is very dangerous.
If the subconscious mind can’t accommodate them anymore, then the
anxieties that will arise to the surface in the form
of excessive emotional reactions.
Sublimation
According
to Freud, sublimation is a process in which the unconscious libidoor
changed direction indicated in the form
of distribution that is more acceptable. As for the
Koeswara, sublimation of ego defense
mechanism that is intended toprevent or relieve anxiety and ways to
change and adjust Id primitive impulse that
causesanxiety in the form of (behavior) that can be accepted by
society. Furthermore, according to Corey sublimation is an ego
defense mechanism that uses a solution of higher or socially more
acceptable for impulses. Meanwhile, according to Poduska sublimation
of the ego defense mechanism that releases steam feelings, especially of
a sexual nature in a way that is not of a sexual
nature. Sublimation is always changing range
of stimuli that are not acceptable, whether it be in the
form of sex, anger fear or any other form, into forms that
can be socially acceptable. Ego defense mechanisms such as these
are very useful, because neither party feel saggrieved, either the
individual or others.
Projection
According
Koeswara, the projection is an ego defense mechanism that
transfers the drive, attitude, or behavior that
cause anxiety to others. As according to Berry, the
projection is a mechanism and push the blame to others taboo. Furthermore, according
to Poduska projection is a defense mechanism by
which you defend yourself from thoughts and desires that are unacceptable,
claiming it to others. Ego defense mechanisms of
projection is always address the specific propertiesthat can’t be accepted
by the ego to others. Ego defense mechanisms include the tendency to look
at your passion that can’t be accepted by others.
Projections often serve dual purposes. He reduce anxiety by
replacing a grave danger to the danger that is lighter, and
allows the person doing the projections revealthe
impulse-impulse under the guise of defending themselves
from their enemies. Ego defense mechanisms against this is
the opposite of self. Individuals
who are not consciously doing this ego defense mechanism,
usually speaks otherwise, or scapegoating to another person or
group.
Displacement
According Koeswara,
displacement is the disclosure of which cause anxiety topush
objects or individuals that are less harmful or less threatening than the
originalobject or individual. As according to Corey displacement is an ego defense
mechanism that directs the energy to an object or another
person or object from a realperson, can’t be
reached.
Furthermore, according
to Poduska is the displacement ego defense mechanism by
which you release the emotional gestures of the
original, and the sourceof displacement was considered as a safe target. This ego defense
mechanisms, which happened to bestow one's anxiety to others of
lower rank.
Rationalization
According Poduska rationalization is a defense mechanism by
which you aretrying to justify your actions on your own or someone
else. As for the Koeswara, the rationalization is to manipulate or distort the
reality that threatens the ego, through the excuses or reasons that
seemed to make sense, so the fact they no
longerthreaten the individual ego.
Furthermore,
according to Berry, the rationalization is to find a justification or excuse
for his behavior, so even become more acceptable to the ego than the real
reason. Meanwhile, according to Boeree rationalization is cognitive
distortion of "reality" with the objective reality that no longer
gives the impression of scary.
Rationalization
always create reasons that "good" in order to avoid the ego of the
injury, or falsify the reality of disappointing myself so that was not really
painful. Someone who's ego defense mechanisms such as this, will make the
information false or contrived own.
The reaction formation or reaction formation
According
to Hall and Gardner or a reaction
formation reaction formation is a defense mechanism to replace
the ego impulses or feelings that cause anxiety with
the opposite or reverse in his consciousness. As for
the Koeswara is an ego defense mechanism that controls
the primitive impulses that do not appear while knowingly reveal the
opposite behavior.
Furthermore
according to Corey reaction is the formation of ego
defense mechanisms that act contrary to the
unconscious desires. If
the initial feelings that may pose a threat, then
one shows the opposite behavior in order to deny the
feelings that can lead to the threat. Reaction formation is doing the
opposite of the unconscious, thoughts, and desires that
can’t be accepted. Formation reaction is to act otherwise, if the first
act, it can cause anxiety which threatened him.
